Logo Museum
Museum
Friends of Durham Mining Museum
Events Calendar
e-Books and Books for sale
Photograph Gallery
Document Archive
Master Name Index
What's new in the site
Mining
Mining History
Colliery Index
Colliery Maps
Company Overviews
Company Overviews
Index of Directors
Index of UK Companies
Index of UK Mines
Prosecutions
Who's Who
Mineral Information
Managers Certificates
Educational Material
Bibliography
Statistics
Workers/Employee Lists
Notes for Family Historians
War Service information
Disasters
Disaster Reports
Names of those killed
Disasters in the 1700s
Disasters in the 1800s
Disasters in the 1900s
Memorials
Awards for Gallantry
On this day ...

Links to other sites of interest
Industrial Heritage Days Out
Former www.pitwork.net web site

Index to site

Contact and address details

Share Page with Social Media

Share on Facebook

Share with Reddit

Share on Delicious

 Companies  Index  Companies 
Index

John Bowes and Partners Ltd.

Registered in 1886

Warning: This is not intended to be an exhaustive history of the company, but an indication of the changes of ownership and the links between companies and directors in those companies. The company may own other properties etc. and there may have been other changes of ownership etc. for which we currently do not have details.

Quick Links

Previous Companies: John Bowes and Partners
Next Company: National Coal Board (N.C.B.)


1894

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Gateshead  R. W. Berkley  141  40  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Rodger Mason  189  104  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  H. F. Bulman  192  105  
Dinnington, Augusta  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  327  66  
Dinnington, West  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  134  53  
Dipton  Dipton  Robert Mitchinson  191  54  
Dunston  Gateshead  William Lee  370  68  
Felling  Gateshead  William Lee  414  91  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  235  65  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  254  186  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  122  —  
Norwood  Gateshead  William Lee  —  —  Pumping. Included in Dunston
Pontop  Anfield Plain  R. Mitchinson  186  102  
Seaton Burn  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  479  138  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  605  151  
Usworth  Washington  M. H. Douglas  889  188  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  618  146  
 

 
 5,346 1,557  
 
 
 6,903  
 
 


1896

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Gateshead  R. W. Berkley  148  39  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Rodger Mason  201  105  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  H. F. Bulman  202  110  
Dinnington, Augusta  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  267  55  
Dinnington, West  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  293  71  
Dipton  Dipton  Robert Mitchinson  5  7  
Dunston  Gateshead  Claude B. Palmer  463  62  
Felling  Felling  John Douglas  429  87  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  234  64  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  249  192  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  134  —  
Norwood  Gateshead  Claude B. Palmer  —  —  Pumping
Pontop  Anfield Plain  R. Mitchinson  229  118  
Seaton Burn  Newcastle-on-Tyne  E. W. Crone  636  111  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  615  138  
Usworth  Washington  M. H. Douglas  988  198  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  584  155  
 

 
 5,677 1,512  
 
 
 7,189  
 
 


1899

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  132  40  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Benjn. Mason  206  106  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  John Pickering  222  113  
Dipton  Dipton  Robert Mitchinson  6  4  
Felling  Felling  Claude B. Palmer  640  102  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  248  101  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  239  214  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  132  —  
Pontop  Anfield Plain  R. Mitchinson  247  121  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  689  148  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  602  155  
 

 
 3,363 1,104  
 
 
 4,467  
 
 


1900

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  133  39  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Benjn. Mason  217  106  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  John Pickering  219  100  
Dipton  Dipton  Robert Mitchinson  202  45  
Felling  Felling  Claude B. Palmer  761  91  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  247  66  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  231  211  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  122  —  
Pontop  Anfield Plain  R. Mitchinson  238  80  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  862  176  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  590  154  
 

 
 3,822 1,068  
 
 
 4,890  
 
 


1902

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  140  37  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Benjn. Mason  222  123  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  John Pickering  250  107  
Dipton  Dipton  Robert Mitchinson  242  51  
Felling  Felling  Claude B. Palmer  795  107  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  244  67  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  284  194  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  130  2  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  R. Mitchinson  235  102  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  947  195  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  576  150  
 

 
 4,065 1,135  
 
 
 5,200  
 
 


1905

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  R. W. Berkley  160  34  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  Benj. Mason  240  85  
Byer Moor  Burnopfield  John Pickering  298  96  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  182  35  
Felling  Felling  Claude B. Palmer  731  138  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  255  66  
Marley Hill, Busty  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  314  187  
Marley Hill, Main Coal  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  153  —  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  255  85  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  985  220  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  599  142  
 

 
 4,172 1,088  
 
 
 5,260  
 
 


1909

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham (Shield Row)  A. S. Swallow  —  —  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield (Rowlands Gill)  Benj. Mason  —  —  
Byermoor  Burnopfield (Rowlands Gill)  J. Pickering  —  —  
Dipton  Dipton (Annfield Plain)  P. E. Lee  —  —  
Felling  Felling  C. B. Palmer  —  —  
Follonsby  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  —  —  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  —  —  
Marley Hill  Whickham (Swalwell)  J. S. Nesbitt  —  —  
Pontop  Anfield Plain  P. E. Lee  —  —  
Springwell  Gateshead (Felling)  R. B. Clark  —  —  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  —  —  


1910

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  A. S. Swallow  213  49  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  A. S. Swallow  258  78  
Byer Moor  Burnopfield  John Pickering  346  124  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  184  46  
Felling  Felling  Claude B. Palmer  811  172  
Follonsby  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  36  23  Sinking
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  W. S. Harris  274  81  
Marley Hill  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  662  168  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  426  91  
Springwell  Gateshead  R. B. Clark  1,163  329  
Wardley  Pelaw  R. B. Clark  610  158  
 

 
 4,983 1,319  
 
 
 6,302  
 
 


1915

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  120  42  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  A. S. Swallow  258  86  
Byer Moor  Burnopfield  J. S. Nesbit  250  73  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  422  65  
Felling  Felling  M. B. Bell  437  124  
Follonsby  Pelaw  J. G. Guy  323  127  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  George A. Strong  255  70  
Kibblesworth, Grange Drift    George A. Strong  193  8  
Marley Hill  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  436  322  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  400  260  
Springwell Vale  Gateshead  T. Crawford  —  —  
Springwell  Gateshead  T. Crawford  964  229  
 

 
 4,058 1,406  
 
 
 5,464  
 
 


1921

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Andrews House  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  23  16  Abandoned
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  A. S. Swallow  322  117  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  J. S. Nesbit  289  106  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  260  68  
Felling  Felling  J. T. Manderson  773  213  
Follonsby  Pelaw  J. G. Guy  511  225  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  George Hardy  335  130  
Kibblesworth, Grange Drift  Lamesley  George Hardy  287  30  
Marley Hill  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  703  199  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  373  90  
Springwell  Gateshead  T. Crawford  1,054  334  
 

 
 4,930 1,528  
 
 
 6,458  
 
 


1923

Company Details

Registered Office: Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Annual Output:  1,300,000 tons
Class of Coal: Coking, Gas, Household, Steam
Source: 1923 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Company Directors

Chairman: Plunkett, Horace C., Sir, K.C.V.O., 105 Mount Street, London, W.
Managing Director: Gardiner, Robert S., Sir, 39 Lombard Street, London, E.C.3
 Palmer, Alfred M., Sir, Bart., Milburn House, Newcastle
Directors: Bainbridge, J. H., Cmdr, Naval & Military Club, Piccadilly, W.
 Palmer, G. M., Maj. , M.P., 5 Beaufort Gardens, London, S.W.
 Walsh, B. J. M., Capt., Albert Hall Mansions, London, W.
 Western, E. Y., 35 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.
 Western, G. A., 35 Essex Street, Strand, London, W.C.
Secretary: Bowes-Lyon, G. F., Capt., 39 Lombard Street, London, E.C.
Chief Engineer: Armstrong, Henry, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Source: 1923 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  A. S. Swallow  342  120  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  J. S. Nesbit  299  95  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  294  76  
Felling  Felling  J. T. Manderson  785  229  
Follonsby  Pelaw  J. G. Guy  702  302  
Kibblesworth Grange Drift  Lamesley  George Hardy  253  53  
Kibblesworth  Lamesley  George Hardy  434  141  
Marley Hill  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  727  207  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  320  68  
Springwell  Gateshead  W. Mycock  1,181  383  
 

 
 5,337 1,674  
 
 
 7,011  
 
 


1924

Company Notes

Registered – July 21, 1886, to take over the collieries and business of John Bowes and Partners, and owns ten collieries in Co. Durham.

Capital – £554,780, in 8,903 shares of £10 each and £465,750 stock; all the stock is issued and fully paid.

Debentures – £138,700.

Accounts – Issued to shareholders only.

Source: Mining Manual & Mining Year Book for 1924


1925

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield  Hobson, Burnopfield  A. S. Swallow  327  127  
Byermoor  Hobson, Burnopfield  J. S. Nesbit  299  100  
Dipton  Dipton  Percy E. Lee  481  85  
Felling  Felling  J. T. Manderson  640  196  
Follonsby  Pelaw  W. Mycock  746  330  
Kibblesworth Grange Drift  Lamesley  George Hardy  246  61  
Kibblesworth Robert  Lamesley  George Hardy  456  136  
Marley Hill  Whickham  J. S. Nesbit  742  202  
Pontop  Annfield Plain  Percy E. Lee  4  14  Closed 11/24
Springwell  Gateshead  T. H. F. Adams  1,170  382  
 

 
 5,111 1,633  
 
 
 6,744  
 
 


1930

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield  Hobson, Burnopfield  W. Davis  401  119  
Byermoor  Hobson, Burnopfield  A. Heatherington  297  88  
Dipton  Dipton  W. Davis  634  134  
Felling  Felling  H. Wilson  465  116  
Follonsby  Pelaw  W. Mycock  769  333  Temporarily Closed
Kibblesworth Grange Drift  Lamesley  G. A. Strong  158  63  
Kibblesworth Robert  Lamesley  G. A. Strong  437  115  
Marley Hill  Whickham  A. Heatherington  618  192  
Pontop  Annfield Plain    —  —  Ventilating shaft for Dipton
Springwell  Gateshead  T. H. F. Adams  789  307  
 

 
 4,568 1,467  
 
 
 6,035  
 
 


1933

Company Details

Registered Office: Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Seams Worked: Hutton, Main Coal, Busty, Brass Thill, Brockwell, Beaumont, Five Quarter, Low Main, Maudlin
Power Used: Eletcric
Annual Output:  1,500,000 tons
Class of Coal: Bunker, Coking, Gas, Household, Steam
Source: 1933 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Company Directors

Chairman: Glamis, Lord, Shovelstrode Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex
Managing Director: Palmer, G. M., Maj., 28 Hans Crescent, London, S.W.1
Directors: Bowes-Lyon, G. F., Capt., Redbourn House, Redbourn, St. Albans
 Gardiner, Robert S., Sir, 39 Lombard Street, London, E.C.3
 Palmer, Alfred M., Sir, Bart, Walworth Castle, Darlington
 Shortt, Rt. Hon. Ed., K.C., 140 Pakwood Court, London, W.14
 Wood, Arthur N. L., Sir, Bart., The Hermitage, Chester-le-Street
Secretary: Wood, Winston, Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Fitter Potts, J. F., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Mining Engineer: Kirkup, E. H., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Source: 1933 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield    W. Davis  416  119  
Byermoor    A. Heatherington  302  77  
Dipton    W. Davis  523  103  
Follonsby    W. Mycock  872  242  
Kibblesworth Grange Drift    George A. Strong  427  55  
Kibblesworth    George A. Strong  436  114  
Marley Hill    A. Heatherington  617  157  
Springwell    George A. Strong  533  171  
 

 
 4,126 1,038  
 
 
 5,164  
 
 


1934

Links to other areas of this site

1934-07-07  Article from The Science and Art of Mining — "Faith In Coal"


1935

Links to other areas of this site

1935-08-03  Article from The Science and Art of Mining — "Modernising Springwell Colliery"
1935-11-23  Article from The Science and Art of Mining — "Coke-oven Plant for Jarrow"

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  W. Davis  419  126  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  A. Heatherington  299  72  
Dipton  Dipton  W. Davis  726  134  
Follonsby  Pelaw  C. L. Waddell  1,018  477  
Kibblesworth Robert & Grange Drift  Lamesley  W. Henderson  498  184  
Marley Hill  Whickham  A. Heatherington  674  220  
 

 
 3,634 1,213  
 
 
 4,847  
 
 


1936

Links to other areas of this site

1936-04-25  Article from The Science and Art of Mining — "Jarrow Coke Plant"


1937

Company Details

Registered Office: Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Seams Worked: Hutton, Main Coal, Busty, Brass Thill, Brockwell, Beaumont, Five Quarter, Low Main
Power Used: Eletcric
Annual Output:  1,500,000 tons
Source: 1937 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Company Directors

Chairman: Glamis, Lord, Shovelstrode Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex
Managing Director: Bowes-Lyon, G. F., Capt., 55 Chester Square, London, S.W.1
Directors: Appleyard, K. C., Col., Birtley Springs House, Birtley, Co. Durham
 Gardiner, Robert S., Sir, Park Chambers, Queens Gardens, London, W.2
 Greene, John, Brig.-Gen. D.S.O., Crag Hall Cottage, Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne
 Stott, Arthur, Sandycroft, Jesmond Park West, Newcastle-on-Tyne
 Wood, Arthur N. L., Sir, Bart., The Hermitage, Chester-le-Street
Secretary: Wood, Winston, Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Fitter Potts, J. F., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Mining Engineer: Kirkup, E. H., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Source: 1937 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield  Dipton  W. Davis  462  103  
Byermoor  Dipton  A. Heatherington  303  64  
Dipton  Dipton  W. Davis  754  113  
Follonsby  Dipton  Joseph Elliott  985  226  
Kibblesworth  Dipton  George A. Strong  467  141  
Marley Hill  Dipton  A. Heatherington  677  137  
 

 
 3,648 784  
 
 
 4,432  
 
 


1939

Links to other areas of this site

1939-07-01  Article from The Science and Art of Mining — "Colliery Developments"


1940

Company Details

Registered Office: Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Power Used: Electric
Annual Output:  1,250,000 tons
Class of Coal: Bunker, Coking, Gas, Household, Steam
Other Information: Coke Ovens and By-Product Works at Monkton
Source: 1940 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Company Directors

Chairman: Glamis, Lord, Shovelstrode Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex
Managing Director: Stott, Andrew, Esq., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Directors: Bowes-Lyon, G. F., Capt., 12 Fursecroft, George Street, London, W.1
 Forster-Brown, E. O., Esq., 706 Salisbury House, Finsbury Circus, London E.C.2
 Rushforth, W., Esq., Harden, Longbenton, Northumberland
 Sutherland, Arthur M., Sir, Bart., Thurso House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Secretary: Garbutt, W. T., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Agent: Ellson, L. C., Mining Offices, Kibblesworth, near Gateshead-on-Tyne
 Harrison, D. S., Mining Offices, Kibblesworth, near Gateshead-on-Tyne
Source: 1940 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Burnopfield    W. Davis  540  129  
Byermoor    A. Heatherington  313  63  
Dipton    T. Finnie  715  135  
Kibblesworth Glamis    H. Brandon  553  150  
Marley Hill    A. Heatherington  756  148  
 

 
 2,877 625  
 
 
 3,502  
 
 


1947 - at the time of Nationalisation

Company Details

Registered Office: Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Source: 1947 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Company Directors

Chairman: Bowes-Lyon, G. F., Capt., Vale Court, Colerne, Wilts.
Managing Director: Stott, Arthur, Esq., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1
Directors: Rushforth, W., Esq., Harden, Longbenton, Northumberland
 Sutherland, Arthur M., Sir, Bart., K.B.E., D.C.L., D.L., J.P., Thurso House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Secretary: Garbutt, W. T., A.C.A., Milburn House, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Agent: Stott, Henry, Mining Offices, Marley Hill, Newcastle-on-Tyne
Source: 1947 Colliery Year Book and Coal Trades Directory. Published by The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd., from a copy held in the Scottish Mining Museum, Newtongrange, Midlothian

Collieries/Mines Owned

Employees
Name of Mine  Locality  Manager  Under Above
 ground  ground
Blackburn Fell Drift  Lamesley  H. Burn  —  —  
Burnopfield  Burnopfield  H. Burn  430  95  
Byermoor  Burnopfield  C. Mills  250  55  
Kibblesworth New  Lamesley  J. T. Robson  360  90  
Kibblesworth Old  Lamesley  J. T. Robson  180  35  
Marley Hill (inc. Blackburn Fell Drift)  Wickham  H. Burn  439  119  
 

 
 1,659 394  
 
 
 2,053  
 
 


Sources

Further Research

Goto Research Notes  Research Notes for John Bowes and Partners Ltd.

mail
Mail:
Webmaster
Back
Back
Home
Home
Open Government Licence   Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

Copyright © 1999-2024 by The Durham Mining Museum and its contributors
Registered Charity No: 1110608
Page last updated: 01 Jan 2024

Privacy Policy
 
Terms & Conditions
 
Search
Search
Print
Print
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z